Muqaddimah dar Sufism
Sufism Islam ki roohaniyat ka asal hai, aur yeh wo a’ala maqsood hai jo har fard ko duniya ki maadi cheezon se azadi haasil karne aur sirf Allah ki ibadat ke liye tayar karta hai. Yeh wazeh taur par samajh sakte hain agar hum Islam ke teen darajon ko dekhen: Islam, Iman, aur Ihsan. Sufism Ihsan ke darajay se shuru hota hai jo roohani piramid ka ooncha tareen darja hai. Is darajay ko woh mashhoor hadith bayan karti hai: "Allah ki ibadat is tarah karo jaise tum use dekh rahe ho, agar tum use nahi dekh rahe ho to woh tumhein dekh raha hai.” Yeh jumla do hisson mein baant sakte hain: pehla haqeeqi maqsood, jo ibadat hai, jaise ke tum use dekh rahe ho; dosra wo haalat hai jo ibadat ko Allah ki hazri ko har lamha mehsoos karna chahti hai.
Ibadaat aur Haq ki Hazri
Jab hum Allah ki ibadat "jaise ke tum use dekh rahe ho” karte hain, to yeh sirf dekhne ki baat nahi hoti, balki yeh ek dil se mehsoos karne aur roohani nazar hoti hai. Is halat mein, ibadat karne wala apni zindagi ko Allah ki hazri mein dooba hua mehsoos karta hai aur apne aap ko sabse bade haqeeqat ke samne gayab hota hua mehsoos karta hai. Sufism apne asal mein Allah ki shuhud aur uski hazri ko mehsoos karna hai, aur ibadat ko sirf zahiri amal se lekar ek roohani roshni ke taur par mehsoos karna hai. Yeh usi tarah hai jaise ke Al-Niffari ne kaha: "Kaaf tashbih nahi hai, yeh haqeeqat hai jo tum sirf tashbih se samajh sakte ho.” Iska matlab hai ke "jaise ke tum use dekh rahe ho” ek aisi haalat hai jo ibadat karne wala mehsoos karta hai, na ke sirf sochne ka amal hai.
Sufism ka Ibtida aur Uska Taraqqi
Sufism ka aaghaz achanak nahi hua, balki yeh Islam ke zuhd se nikla jo Rasool Allah ﷺ ki zindagi mein tha, aur unke sahaba ne usko apnaya, jo duniya se alag ho kar akhiraat ki taraf mutawajjih ho gaye the. Rasool Allah ﷺ ka zindagi mein duniya ke tamamon faaydon se alag hona ek misaal tha, jaise ke Aisha (RA) ne kaha: "Rasool Allah ﷺ do din tak pet bhar kar nahi khatay takay Allah se milay.” Rasool Allah ﷺ ki saadi aur sadee zindagi unhone Islam mein pehli dafa uss zamanay mein Sufism ka usool banaya.
Yeh khayal Tabi’un ke dor mein bhi tha, jaise ke Al-Hasan Al-Basri jo duniya ki fikar aur aakhiraat par sochta tha, aur wo logon ko akhiraat ke bare mein sochne ki dawat deta tha. Ibrahim bin Adham aur Shiqiq al-Balkhi jese shakhsiyaat ne is khayal ko aur barhaya. Yeh log Sufism ki pehli shakal banay jo aaj hum jante hain.
Sufism aur Ghair-Islami Thaqafati Asrat
Jabke kuch mashriqi ilm-o-fikr ke logon ne 19th sadi mein Sufism ko Islam mein ek ghair asli aur nahi khudre ka hissa samjha aur usko Hindu, Budh aur Christian falsafah se mutasir hone ka shak diya, lekin waqt ke saath yeh raayay dheere dheere change hui hain. Aaj ke modern tahqiqat ne yeh sabit kiya hai ke Sufism Islam ki apni rooh se hai aur wo ghair-Islami thaqafaton ka asar nahi hai jese ke pehle samjha gaya tha.
Kaafi maghribi ilm-o-fikr ke experts ne jaise "Arberry” aur "Nicholson” ne Sufism ki asliat ko qubool kiya hai. "Arberry” ne yeh kaha ke Sufism ka tahqiqat sirf Islami manabe se hona chahiye, aur usko ghair manabe se samajhna galat hai.
Sufism ka Muashray aur Tehzeebi Pehchan Mein Kirdar
Sufism sirf ibadat ka amal nahi, balki ek tehzeebi aur muashrayi mansuba hai jo roohani aur akhlaqi qeematon par mabni hai. Sufism ne Islam mein akhlaqi aur taleemi soch ko barhane mein apna kirdar ada kiya hai, zawiyat aur madaris jahan logon ko roohani taleem aur ghareebon ki madad di gayi thi. Misal ke taur pe, Morocco mein zawiyat ilm dene aur ghareebon ki madad karne wali madaris thi jo taleemi zariya thi.
Sufism ne Islam ko duniya ke kai hisson mein phailane mein bhi apna kirdar ada kiya, jese ke India, Africa aur Mashriq mein. Yeh sab Sufi shakhsiyat ki wajah se hua jo muhabat aur be intehai rujhan ke saath kaam karte the.
Sufism aur Jihad: Akbar Jihad aur Asghar Jihad
Sufism sirf ibadat tak mehdood nahi hai, balki isme jihad ka bhi concept shamil hai, jisme Akbar Jihad (nafs se jang) aur Asghar Jihad (Allah ke raaste mein jang) shamil hain. Islam ke tareekhe mein, kai Sufiyon ne jangon mein hissa liya aur Islam ko hifazat ki, chahe wo bahari dushman ke khilaf ho ya fitnahon ka samna ho. Misal ke taur pe, Sufiyon ne Crusaders aur Mongols ke khilaf jang mein hissa liya.
Sufism ka Fikr aur Tehzeeb Mein Kirdar
Apni gehri roohani tajurbaat ki wajah se, Sufism ne wo ilm diya jo sirf mazhabi aqeede tak mehdood nahi tha, balki insaniat aur zindagi ke bare mein gehra samajh diya. Sufi soch ne Arab aur duniya ki adabi tehzeeb ko bhi ameer kiya, aur yeh Western philosophy par bhi asar daal gayi jaise ki Sufi philosophers jese "Eckhart” aur "Raymond Lull”.
Sufism ne zehan aur rooh ko integrate kiya aur insaan ko zindagi ka matlab samajhne ka tariqa diya, jis se insaan Allah ke saath apni rishte ko samajhta hai aur zindagi ke ma’ani ko usi rishte mein samajhne ki koshish karta hai.
Khatma: Sufism Ka Muqablay aur Tabdeeliyan
Sufism ne samaj aur siyasat ke hawalay se kai challenges ka samna kiya hai, jin mein Sufi discourse ka rujhan, jo aksar official religious discourse se connect karne mein mushkil ka samna karta hai. Magar Sufism ne apne roohani aur ma’arifi nazariyat ko dekh kar Muslim community ki tarakki mein madad ki aur insaniyat aur roohaniyat ki qeemat barhai.
Ant mein, Sufism Islam mein ek roohani asool hai jo duniya aur aakhiraat ke beech balance banata hai, aur insaan aur muashray ko wo roohani qeematein deta hai jo unhein khula zehen aur paak dil ke saath apni zindagi guzarne mein madad karte hain.